Amit Sharma, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism
and Mass Communication, University of Allahabad, Bharat.
Email: jmcamit@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-2245
Vimal Mohan, Ph.D.
Senior Sports Editor,
NDTV India
Email: vimal236@gmail.com
Abstract
Television
Rating Points (TRPs) are, in a way, a driving force for the Indian television
industry. They indicate channels’ popularity, a program’s success, and
advertising revenue. In India’s multi-channel culture, competition among
channels often leads to a tendency to choose the easier path of sensationalism
over infotainment. India has also witnessed declining content quality and
manipulation among TV channels. Hence, questions about TRP credibility and
transparency have become prevalent.
This
study analyses the evolution of India’s TRP policy from its inception to the
Television Rating Policy 2026.Television in India began in 1959 and expanded
with colour broadcasting in 1982. Until the 1990s, Doordarshan held a
monopoly and TRP was not an issue. Post-1991 liberalization introduced a
culture and business of private channels. This intensified competition, and TRP
became the primary metric for advertising. TAM Media Research pioneered
audience measurement in the 1990s. But concerns over the reliability of
research-based measurement led to the Government of India’s 2014 TRP
guidelines. Under these guidelines, BARC was appointed as the official body. The
guidelines mandated data confidentiality and household panel rotation to ensure
fairness. However, over time, shifts in viewers’ habits toward mobile and OTT
platforms, along with TRP-related controversies, made reforms necessary. The TV
Rating Point Policy 2026 addresses these challenges. It has:
A)
reduced the net worth requirement for rating agencies,
B)
mandated board independence,
C)
expanded the sample size to 120,000 homes, and
D)
integrated data from DTH, cable, internet, and connected TV.
E)
It has also introduced mandatory quarterly internal audits and annual
third-party audits to enhance transparency.
The
2026 policy is an attempt to modernize measurement by emphasizing technology.
It aims to restore credibility. While global systems such as Nielsen, BARB, and
OzTAM already include cross-platform measurement, India’s earlier focus was
TV-centric. Now, the 2026 policy aims to make TRP a more accurate, transparent
reflection of India’s evolving media consumption.
Keywords: TV audience measurement, popularity of program, OTT,
digital media, news, new TV policy
Introduction
TRP stands for Television Rating
Point. It is a certified measure to gauge the popularity and audience numbers
of specific TV programs or channels in the field of news and entertainment,
used in over 100 countries worldwide. Higher TRP is considered evidence that a
larger number of people have watched a particular program during a specific
time period. The importance of a Television Rating Point, or TRP, has always
been very high in the TV industry. The popularity of any channel, the success
of its programs, and the rate of advertisements all depend on TRP. The rise or
fall in the TRP of any program reflects its popularity among people. Higher TRP
means that more and more viewers watch that program, and that program is
receiving more advertisements and revenue. However, in the era of
commercialization, television channels have adopted new tactics for cheap
popularity to increase TRP. Instead of clean infotainment, news or entertainment,
the work of selling vulgarity to the audience has been done, and news channels
have started selling drama instead of news (Nayak, 2021). In some cases, news channels
have affected the television rating research. In such a scenario, the
Government of India replaced the old TRP policy of 2014 with the TV Rating
Policy 2026. The present article attempts to analyze the TRP policy from its
initial to the current form.
The television started in India
in 1959. In 1982, television became coloured and live broadcasting also became
possible. After this, the popularity of television increased greatly. In the 1980s, TV serials like Ramayana
and Mahabharata were so popular that streets would empty during their
broadcast. People finished essential work early and sat in front of their TV
sets ahead of time. Beyond families, entire villages and communities gathered
together, turning television into a platform for community viewing. Even after
this, several popular programs like Hum Log, Buniyaad, and Chitrahaar
increased the popularity of TV in Indian society. However, by then, Doordarshan
had a monopoly in India. Since there were no private channels, there was no
competition among channels. Channels like Doordarshan's DD Metro were
operating (Jalarajan &
Suresh, 2023).
Until the mid-1990s, TRP was not an issue in India. After the economic crisis
in 1991, the LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) policy
adopted by the Government of India had a profound impact on Indian news
channels and the television industry (Ahmad, 2021). This policy ended the
government monopoly in the news and entertainment sector and opened the doors
for private sector television channels (Belladi, 2025).
The beginning of audience
measurement in the 1990s was through TAM Media Research. TAM Media Research
played an important role in the field of television audience measurement (TRP)
in India, which introduced modern techniques in media measurement. The expansion
and standardization of cable and satellite TV in India began in the early
1990s. It completely transformed the landscape of Indian television. TRP became
the main source for advertising, and channels started chasing programs that
increased ratings and sensational journalism. As a result, competition in the
media increased rapidly, and the importance of the TRP system to understand
viewers' preferences grew even more. Amid this growing need, there was a demand
to regulate the TRP system. Initially, agencies like TAM measured viewer
preferences, but continuous questions were raised about the transparency and
reliability of these agencies. Keeping this in mind, in 2014 the government
issued guidelines for the TRP system for the first time, so that audience
research could have a robust framework and people could continue to trust TRP.
Issuing new guidelines for TRP was a major structural change. Under this
policy, the Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) was officially given the
responsibility of measuring TRP in India. The main objective of the 2014 policy
was to make the system transparent and fair. It ensured that no channel or
advertiser could influence the agency involved in measuring TRP (Kulkarni, 2024).
The TRP policy issued in 2014
made it mandatory to change 25 percent of the households included in the panel
every year to maintain the accuracy and confidentiality of the data. This
rotation was to be carried out in a phased manner each month so that new
households could replace the old ones. These guidelines were much better for
tracking cable TV and satellite. At that time, this step was quite necessary
because the TRP system got a strong framework (Kulkarni, 2024). But over time, new
challenges started to emerge. Audience habits began to change. People started
watching TV content not only on television but also on mobile and OTT
platforms. In addition, controversies related to TRP also affected the
credibility of the system (S. Kumar et al.,
2021).
TV rating policy 2026
Now, if we talk about 2026, the
TRP system is not the same as before. Today, it cannot be limited to just TV.
Therefore, work is now being done to include digital viewership in it. Emphasis
is being given on increasing sample size, making data collection more
scientific, and conducting technology-based research. At the same time,
monitoring of the system has also become stricter than before to prevent any
kind of irregularity. On March 27, 2026, the new TV rating policy 2026 was
implemented. The main objective of this policy is to improve the measurement of
TRP and to bring accurate audience figures to light (Dutta, 2026).
Several important changes have
been made under the new policy. Firstly, the net worth requirement for rating
agencies has been reduced from 20 crore to 5 crore, making it easier for new
agencies to enter this sector. Additionally, it has been made mandatory that at
least 50% of the board of directors should have no association with any
broadcaster, advertiser, or advertising agency. This will help prevent
conflicts of interest and maintain the impartiality of the system. At the same
time, agencies have also been prohibited from providing consultancy services
that could affect impartiality (Bansal, 2026).
The new policy also emphasizes
increasing the sample size. The new policy clarifies that agencies will have to
expand their operations to 80,000 surveyed homes within 18 months. However, the
same work has to be done in 6 months for the existing rating agency. Research
agencies will eventually have to reach 120,000 homes to improve the accuracy of
the data (Bansal, 2026). A major change has also been
made at the technological level. Now, data collection will be promoted through
DTH, cable, internet, and connected TV, which will help in better understanding
the actual preferences of the audience. Along with this, the dual audit system
has been made mandatory. Internal audits will have to be conducted every
quarter, and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of India will have to
be provided with complete information in this regard. In this context, once a
year, the entire research data will have to be externally audited by a chartered
accountant (CA) or firm. This will strengthen transparency and accountability
in the system.
Television Rating Points and
manipulation
Television Rating Points (TRP) is
primarily indicators of popularity of Indian television shows or programs. They
are a market driver for stories and TV shows. The TRP is very important because
advertising revenue worth thousands of crores depends on it. However, the TRP is
also faces manipulation and scandals. Hence policy reforms become the need of
the hours. Some of the most notable recent controversies are as follows:
The 2020 TRP Scam: The
2020 TRP scam, or TRP controversy, shook the entire television industry in
India. It led to the TRP Policy 2026 reforms. In October 2020, Mumbai Police
and the Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) alleged that several TV
channels manipulated TRPs by bribing households. During this time, serious
allegations were also made that houses equipped with BARC's 'BAR-o-meter' were
paid monthly to manipulate TRP. These homes received cash to keep specific
channels running continuously, without the audience. This artificially inflated
viewership numbers, which were then reflected in TRP charts. The channels
involved in the controversy included Republic TV, Box Cinema, and Fakt
Marathi, among others. Arnab Goswami’s channel ‘Republic TV’ was the
primary accused. Mumbai Police claimed that Republic TV manipulated data to
become the No. 1 English news channel (Saigal, 2020). Republic denied charges and
called this action a “witch-hunt.” Two other channels were also named in the
FIR for paying households ₹400–₹500 per month to watch them. ‘News Nation’
and ‘India Today’ were also initially named, but they were later given a
clean chit.
Major actions were taken to
prevent manipulation: A) BARC suspended weekly ratings for all news
channels for 12 weeks, from October 2020 to January 2021 (Press Trust of
India, 2020),
to review its system. B) The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
(I&B) formed a committee under Prasar Bharati CEO Shashi Shekhar Vempati to
review TRP guidelines (Jha, 2020). C) The case exposed
flaws in the 2014 policy, such as: a) a small sample size of only 44,000
metered homes, b) a lack of third-party audits, and c) vulnerability to panel
infiltration (Press Trust of
India, 2020).
It directly influenced the TRP
Policy 2026, which introduced a larger sample size, stricter audits, and
reduced entry barriers for new rating agencies.
News Channels and Unhealthy,
Sensational Content for TRP: TRP pressure has pushed news channels toward
sensationalism. For instance:
A) Sushant Singh Rajput Case
Coverage, 2020: Several channels ran 24x7 speculative coverage, conspiracy
theories, and live “re-enactments.” Republic TV, Times Now, and Aaj Tak
saw massive TRP spikes during June–August 2020. The News Broadcasting Standards
Authority (NBSA) fined channels; called the coverage “highly inappropriate.”
Critics argued that channels manufactured drama instead of news to chase TRPs (Priyadarshini,
2021).
B) COVID-19 Misinformation:
During 2020–21, some channels ran unverified “cures” and pushed communal angles
to boost engagement. BARC data showed the news genre’s share jumped from 7% to
21% in March 2020, creating a race for eyeballs.
C) “Media Trials”: Cases
like Aarushi Talwar, Sheena Bora, and Hathras were turned into daily soaps. In
2021, the Supreme Court noted that “media trials affect the administration of
justice” and are often TRP-driven.
Entertainment channels: Not
just news channels, general entertainment channels have also used questionable
methods to boost their TRPs. These channels created fake social media chatter
and bought YouTube views to generate buzz. There were controversies around
BARC’s own functioning too. These included delays in releasing data & an
alleged ‘lack of transparency,’ among other issues. Reports indicated that
BARC’s 44,000 metered homes under-represented rural India and digital viewers. A
channel could trend in cities but have zero rural sample. Hence, the data
representing national TRPs was distorted.
Manipulation on OTT
Platforms: India has a massive consumer base on OTT platforms, with roughly
45 crore-plus users. The conventional TRP mechanism does not count OTT
audiences. Many advertisers have now started focusing on ‘cross-platform
measurement’ instead of relying only on BARC.
The 2020 TRP scam was a wake-up
call to establish a proper system for India’s multi-channel — 900-plus channel
— culture. However, BARC still remains the official method for measuring the
popularity metrics of TV channels. The above-mentioned controversies proved
that without transparency, technology, and cross-platform measurement, the TRP
race can ruin the ecosystem. The TRP Policy 2026 is an attempt to fix these
lacunae.
Methodology beyond the
Television Rating Point
In India, the work of measuring
TRP is mainly carried out by BARC (Broadcast Audience Research Council), which
includes organizations like IBDF, ISA, and AAAI. Earlier, TAM (AC Nielsen and
Kantar) has also worked in this field. BARC was formed in 2014 for TV ratings
in India. After joining TAM, BARC has been established as the world's largest
TRP measurement agency; it is the country's only rating body that operates for
the ratings of television in both the private and government sectors. However,
DART, that is, Doordarshan Audience Research TV Ratings, is a government
agency that uses only Doordarshan viewers as samples for research. DART
also include samples from rural areas (Goyal, 2020).
BARK has installed Bar-O-Meters
in nearly 6,000 homes with the cooperation of the television audience meter.
Bar-O-Meters record programs watched at home on television through special
watermarks present in the programs. The use of watermarking technology has
brought significant accuracy to BARC's TV rating-related data. Currently, BARC
is providing TRP-related services to more than 470 channels. The monitoring
team for TV rating research gathers information about programs watched on TV
every minute through the Bar-O-Meters. After this, by analyzing these data, the
research team releases all the TRP-related figures for all channels (Chaturvedi, 2020).
In today's time, where OTT & digital media platforms
are rapidly advancing, the new TRP policy can also prove helpful in
understanding the changing preferences of the audience. This will make it soothing
for advertisers to reach the right audience. They can plan the best mode and
medium for their advertisements more effectively.
Its impact could be visible on the content too. When
channels receive accurate and clear data, they will try to create programs
according to audience preferences. This will give viewers a better experience. The
biggest update in the new TRP-2026 policy has developed according to the audit
system. Now, there will be strict monitoring of the rating agencies' work.
Periodic third-party audits are mandatory now; strict action has to be taken if
any irregularities are detected. The government believes bring transparency into
the TRP data and establishing people's trust in the TRP system.
In addition, importance has also been given to increasing
the sample size. More households have to include in the process of measuring
TRP compared to before. Especially small towns and rural areas have also given
a place, allowing the real preferences of the audience to be better reflected.
Until now, due to limited samples, questions often arose about whether TRP
accurately represents the entire country.
Another significant change in the updated policy is that
competition in the field of TRP measurement has to be promoted. Until now, this
responsibility mainly rested with the Broadcast Audience Research Council
(BARC), but under the new system, other agencies may also get a chance. The
main reason behind this decision is to reduce monopoly and increase the
reliability of the data.
Traditional TV verses OTT platforms
When traditional TV mediums like DTH (Direct-to-Home) &
streaming services are compared, it clearly shows how viewers' preferences are
changing. Earlier, people used to watch TV at a scheduled time to see their
favorite programs. But now, OTT platforms have drastically changed this entire
system. 'On-demand content' provided viewers an opportunity to watch the
content of their choice anytime as well as anywhere. During the early days, TV
was watched on community TV sets, but with the technology, the TV-watching habit
also changed, and TV went to the living room. With the TV, social & cultural
changes keeping pace with technology turned TV into a personal medium of
entertainment. Now TV can be watched on mobile, iPad, and tablet. All infotainment
content for TV is now available on OTT platforms.
DTH is a traditional broadcasting service where content
reaches the audience through a specific span and channel. The audience doesn’t
have the right to change or control this time and channel. In contrast, OTT
platforms provide content via the internet, where users can watch movies, web
series, or any show as per their convenience. Due to this facility, especially
the youth are rapidly being attracted towards OTT. The variety of content on
OTT platforms is also more visible. Here, content ranging from regional
languages to the international scenario is easily available, whereas in DTH,
content is limited to channels. OTT platforms use algorithms to understand
audience preferences and suggest content that make audience’s experience more
personalized (Sharma
& Kumar, 2024).
However, DTH service is not completely out of use; it has
a very important viewership portion. Especially in rural areas and places where
internet access is limited, DTH still remains a reliable medium. People still
rely more on DTH for live news, sports, and other real-time programs. The live
content of OTT platforms is gradually increasing, but it has not become an
alternative to DTH completely. The TRP-2026 policy has been developed with a
focus on including digital viewership. Because if data is prepared based on TV
viewers only, it will be incomplete. Today's audiences are not limited to TV
alone but also watch content on mobile, laptops etc. This shift among the DTH &
OTT is not just about technology; it also includes the alteration in the
mindset and audience’s habits. The aim of the TRP-2026 policy is to create a
framework keeping these changes in mind, in which a person can include both
traditional and digital mediums.
Television Rating Policy-2026 is a reflection of the
changes that happened in the Indian media industry—where transparency and technological
development are placed in the middle. If we compare both TRP policies of 2014 &
2026, the difference can be measured. In 2014, the focus was entirely on
establishing and controlling the system, whereas in 2026’s policy, the focus is
on modernization and making it more reliable. The TRP 2014 guidelines were primarily
related to traditional TV, while the 2026 system also takes digital and OTT
platforms into account. The TRP policy-2014 laid the foundation, whereas the
policy for 2026 is going to strengthen and update that foundation as per the
current need. Today, TRP is linked with the credibility of the media industry
and audience’s trust. So transparency, technology, and reliability is become important
in new updated guidelines (Behera,
2026).
Television Rating Point Measurement in World
Television Rating Point (TRP) has always held great
importance for the TV industry. The popularity programs, the position of any channel,
& advertisement rates largely depend on TRP. In foreign countries, the TRP system
measurement is more developed, technically strong, and continuously evolving
over the ages. TRP is known as "Audience Measurement" worldwide. Here,
it is being measured what people are watching on the TV and what kind of
content they are consuming on mobile, laptop, or OTT platforms (Kumar
& Sharma, 2023). So, data become more comprehensive and accurate.
Nielsen Company measures TV ratings in America. This
company has been working from TRP for years ago and is considered quite
reliable. Nielsen's method is both simple and scientific. Under this, some
selected households are chosen as samples. In these homes, a special device
called a 'People Meter' is installed, which records which channel is being
watched more. Every member of the household has a separate identity. With this
unique identity, it can be measured which age and class’s people is watching the
said program. Nowadays, Nielsen has updated its system to include digital
platforms.
In Britain, the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board
(BARB) conducts TRP measurement. The system here is also quite organized. BARB
prepares a group of thousands of households, in which special meters are
installed. Whenever a person watches TV, s/he registers her/his presence using
a remote. This provides information about which person is watching which
program. In this way, very accurate data is collected. Now BARB has also changed
the system, and digital platforms like OTT and video streaming services are included
in the TRP. It makes it easy to understand the audience’s real preferences.
In Australia, OzTAM does the TRP measurement. The OzTAM
also uses almost the same method, which relies on sample homes and modern meter
technology. In this rating, instead of being limited to traditional TV, digital
viewing is also being given importance. Now more effort is being made to know
where and how the audience is watching content, not just what they are watching
on TV. In China, CSM Media Research performs TRP-rated work. China's network is
vast. Here, the TRP agency collects data from a large-scale set-top box along
with people meters.
If we look at the TRP policy and process of the major
countries in the world as a whole, we will find that there has been a
significant change in the measurement and importance of TRP. The measurement of
TRP is no longer limited to TV but has now evolved with a ‘cross-platform
system.’ This includes TV, mobile, laptop, & OTT. This makes the data more
transparent and reliable. When we compare the TRP measurement policy and
process between the India and developing and developed countries, this variance
is clearly visible. India’s focus is still mainly on TV viewership, whereas in
global TRP guidelines, they are a step further to include digital platforms as
well. Hence, the collected TRP data is more comprehensive and realistic. The TRP
measurement system abroad has developed significantly over time. It has become
an important means of measuring the changing habits of audiences and the
evolving character of media. India has shifted to an era where TRP is not
limited to TV alone; it includes every screen where viewers are watching
content.
Conclusion
Keeping the digital era in mind, the new TV Rating Policy-2026
considered the future needs. Today, viewers are, inter alia, traditional TV, and
people watching content on mobile and OTT platforms. The new TRP policy is able
to cope with the future requirement and bring these platforms within the scope
of measurement. Experts believe that the biggest impact of this policy will be
on TV channels and the advertising market. Now, channels are focused on the
quality of content rather than just increasing TRP. Meanwhile, advertisers will
get more reliable data, allowing them to invest in the right platform. Overall,
TV Rating Policy-2026 has brought an important change in the Indian media
industry. However, its real success will depend on its effective implementation.
This policy will provide new strength to transparency and trust. In the
beginning, some challenges may arise, such as adopting new technologies and
implementing the rules correctly. But gradually, these difficulties can
decrease. Overall, the TV Rating Policy 2026 is considered a big and positive
step for the Indian media industry.
In this changing era, advertisers had changed their
strategy. Earlier, the advertiser used to allot advertisements mainly to TV
channels; now they provide an important portion of their advertisements to the OTT
and digital platforms. Hence, there was an urgent need to make the TRP system
modern and comprehensive so that it could correctly understand the real behaviour
of the audience. The new TRP policy is as per the need of the requirement of
the time.
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