Citation
Nene Ataetip Urombo
University Of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Institute for Peace and
Strategic Studies
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to
evaluate the ethical dimensions of international
relations on tourism in the global economy.
The
content analysis have been made through the statistics, reports and qualitative
research methods from 2020-2026. International relations (IR) significantly dictate the flow,
safety, and development of tourism, acting as both a driver of economic growth
and a source of vulnerability. Tourism is increasingly viewed as a tool for
public diplomacy, peace building, and sustainable livelihoods rather than
merely a commercial enterprise. Ethical tourism necessitates that global
relationships prioritize the well-being of local communities, environmental
protection, and human rights over short-term financial gains. The effect of international relations
on tourism in an ethical context is to transform tourism into a vehicle for
global peace and sustainable, equitable development, rather than allowing it to
be solely a victim or a beneficiary of geopolitical power struggles. Foreign travelers have an important part in
deciding the progress of a tourist site. Understanding international tourist
expenditure is critical due to fast changes in segmentation. The international relations have
significant role in the resolution of political crises. An ethical approach seeks to align international relations with
the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism. Good diplomatic relations promote tourism, while conflict,
terrorism, or political sanctions act as severe deterrents.
Key Words: Ethical, Dimensions, International, Relations,
Tourism, Global, Economy
INTRODUCTION
Tourism
plays a critical role in every country’s economic and other developments,
however the impact it has created and is continuing to create in the developing
countries is remarkable. In countries which are still in the clutches of
poverty, unemployment, lack of education, poor health facilities, slow pace of
industrialization, lack of self-sufficiency, preexisting social evils, no
capital flow and are recovering from the past exploitations, this industry acts
as a hope in a long moment of despair. (Cheer, & Mostafanezhad, 2025). The
ethical dimensions of international tourism in the global economy focus on
balancing economic growth with social, cultural, and environmental
sustainability. Key issues include ensuring fair distribution of revenue,
protecting local communities and ecosystems, promoting responsible travel, and
respecting human rights, often guided by the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. (Popescu, Apostu,
Rădulescu, Mureșan, & Brezoi, 2024).
In
recent times the tourism industry is not just one of the most rapidly growing
industries but also the major contributor to worldwide economic growth and
development. In today’s globalised world, ‘tourism’ put into very simple words,
can be referred as a socio-cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the
movement of people to any part of the world. It has been introduced as a vital
force which withholds the power to connect and give rise to worldwide human
interactions. It acts as a significant medium to bridge the gaps between
borders and encourage exchange of culture, values, material, philosophy and
material along with other things. (Oskam,
& De Visser-Amundson, 2022).
Srisangnam,
(2025) stated that tourism leads to creation of jobs, it brings in spending and
tourists pay taxes resulting in a decrease in payment by the locals benefiting
economic independence. However tourism is very competitive and without a proper
marketing engine to drive it, it cannot erode instead of flourishing. It helps
in growing the local economy, feeding it as well as sustaining it. The reason
behind being called a “multidimensional phenomenon” is because the industry in
itself sustains and opens avenues to various other industries like the hotel
industry, airlines, restaurants, museums etc. Larger the number of tourists,
larger will be the facilities accessed by them, which creates various job
opportunities in order to fulfill them. This leads to spur in employment rate
and in turn monetary generation which leads to increase in revenue production
and bloom in the economy. (Musavengane, Leonard, & Siakwah, 2020).
In this
emerging world we have established that tourism plays a vital role in the
economy globally. We live in an interconnected world where relations between every country
determines what the uncertain future holds. In times like this the tourism
industry acts as one of the most crucial determinants in global relations. It
has enabled flows of ideas, cultures, money, resources, goods, strategies along
with many other things and has inter connected different parts of the world in
an exemplary way to such an extent that now it is all interdependent on each
other. (Kabir, Talukder, & Wongmahesak, 2026).
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual Frame Work
The
importance of tourism in international economic activity is constantly growing,
and the market itself is acquiring new trends and features, affecting trade,
transport and communications, agriculture and construction. The processes of
globalization in the tourism market are characterized by changes in technology,
modernization of transport infrastructure, internationalization of business
activity and the creation of a regulatory mechanism. The potential of world
tourist flows as factors of geopolitical influence is revealed, the structure
of which reflects and influences the tendencies of international interaction.
(Tehseen, Hossain, Ong, & Andrews, 2024).
Ethical Dimensions
Economic Distribution: While tourism acts as a "hidden
export" and driver of income, a significant portion of tourism revenue
often flows back to developed countries (leakage), requiring policies that
enhance local benefits. (Anshu,
2025).
Human Rights and Exploitation: Tourism must be managed to prevent the
exploitation of people, particularly children, the elderly, and indigenous
populations, while upholding the right to travel and the dignity of host
communities. (Loureiro, Guerreiro, Ali 2024).
Environmental Responsibility: International travel contributes to
environmental degradation, including carbon emissions and pollution, creating
an ethical demand for sustainable practices, such as the use of
"green" energy and waste reduction. (Islam, 2025).
Cultural Preservation: Tourism can lead to the commodification
of culture, necessitating that interactions between tourists and locals promote
mutual understanding, respect, and the preservation of cultural heritage.
Policy and Ethics: The World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)
promotes a framework where travel fosters peace and development, urging
governments to align tourism development with moral values rather than mere
profit. The industry's expansion (expected to represent a large portion of
jobs globally) necessitates that ethical practices become central to the
strategic planning of destinations. (Cheer & Mostafanezhad, 2025).
Theories of International Relations and
Tourism
The
Realist school of thought was one of the initial theoretical frameworks
developed for understanding international relations (Rourke and Boyer, 2008;
Burchill et al., 2009). Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes are the early
theorists of Realism, while prominent figures of the twentieth century include
Morgenthau, Waltz, Carr, Mearsheimer, Niebuhr, and Kennan (Donnelly, 2009).
Realism focuses on the constraints of international politics imposed by
inherent human egoism, acting in the absence of an international world system
and instead operating within the Westphalian system of state anarchy (ibid.). (Obolentseva,
Tonkoshkur & Sokolenko 2025).
Realism
understands the interaction across political actors as the inevitable egoistic
quest for survival, one that will inevitably lead to antagonism and conflict.
The theory of Neorealism, which emerged through basic principles of realism,
distinguishes the behaviouralist attributes of old realism from Neorealism’s
attention to structure. While old realism explains international relations
through state behaviour and decision-making, Neorealism puts this behavioural
approach in context by identifying the structural framework that restricts or
enables state behaviour (Waltz, 2004). Realism is viewed as one of the two
primary theory. (Cheer, & Mostafanezhad, 2025).
On the
contrary, looking at tourism from a liberal perspective means that any form of
tourist activity can be assumed as a solution from which everyone benefits.
Through tourism, both tourists and local populations can benefit at the same
time, considering that conditions are optimal for a win–win scenario to emerge.
For example, infrastructures built for tourists are open to and accessible by
locals. Enhancement of the arts and culture through the restoration of local
architecture, the beautification of public spaces and the protection of
heritage and archaeological sites is also of direct benefit to the host
population. The economic and consumerist activity of tourists can support a
wider range of shops and merchandise available to locals, while tourists also
create higher demand for local events, exhibitions, and festivals, contributing
to an improved standard of living and enhancing local well-being. The
increasingly growing number of tourists crossing national borders annually, as
well as globalization processes and the growing internationalization of tourism
businesses and their supply chain, has made tourism as one of the most
far-reaching geopolitical practices of the twenty-first century (Hall, 2017;
Mostafanezhad, 2018, Gillen & Mostafanezhad, 2019).
EMPIRICAL REVIEW
Shiva
& Jamshid (2025) stated that Tourism being an international,
multidimensional phenomenon with significant effects causes the countries of
the world reopen their borders to face it. Tourism is a tool to improve public
diplomacy and international developments, and is considered as a powerful
response to global challenges and terrorism. It operates within the framework
of a particular spatial pattern; international tourism is one of these spatial
patterns. (Bobek, Steigenberger, & Horvat, 2025).
As a
means of communication and cultural diplomacy, tourism plays an important role
in intercultural interactions. Tourism can create a condition in which it is
possible to attain peace between nations, preserve and respect cultural
identities; thus, it can be stated that it functions within a particular
spatial pattern, one of these spatial patterns is international tourism.
Different nations usually have various attractions such as museums, monuments,
theaters, sports stadiums, parks, shopping malls, historic sites and important
places or celebrities so they can attract many tourists. Countries can invest
in this industry to achieve significant successes, such as sustainable
employment, rising national income, and international popularity. (Popescu,
Apostu,, Rădulescu,, Mureșan, & Brezoi, 2024). Nowadays, as a significant
industry, tourism plays a fundamental role in the development and
sustainability of peace in the world and is an essential indicator of security
in various countries of the world. Undoubtedly, the issue of unity between
nations is one of the newest doctrines in the field of law and tourism
(Assadzadeh, 2015).
Tourism
brings the spirituality of nations together and strengthens the human relations
of the two parties. The World Tourism Organization is a distributional
allocation whose main objective is to promote and develop tourism, with the
consideration of economic development, international understanding, peace and
universal respect regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms without any
distinctions in terms of race, the development of human resources and the
increase in the number of tourists in the world. In addition, tourism
emphasizes the cultural and moral values of the world's nations by emphasizing
cultural significances (Ziaei Bigdeli, 2016).
In this
regard, the agency predicts that after the East Asian region, the Middle East
region is going to have the highest 68 Shiva Jalalpour et al World J Environ
Biosci, 2017, 6, (SI):68-72 growth rate of tourism in the world. Experts of WTO
believe that 36 million people have visited the Middle East by 2010, and this
figure will increase to 69 million in 2020 (Rezvani, 2015). Moreover, the view
that tourism at the international level is the main tool for the development of
the Third World is extending. Optimistically, tourism may be considered as a
reason of economic development, improved standards of human life, increased
intercultural understanding and the development of world peace.
Various
aspects of the development of international tourism, including in Ukraine, have
been repeatedly studied in the works of domestic geographers and economists:
Balabanova & Gontarzhevs’ka (2021). As global travel continues to grow, so
does the need for a stronger ethical foundation in tourism, one built not just
by governments and businesses, but by travelers themselves. This framework
explores how tourists’ ethics can help build trust, strengthen community
relationships, and support responsible travel practices. While not legally
enforceable, ethical standards for tourists should be applied fairly and
embraced globally, because they shape the quality and sustainability of travel
for everyone involved. Tourists’ values like respect, responsibility, and care
for both people and the planet play a key role in how destinations are
experienced and impacted. These values are deeply rooted in universal human
principles, such as tolerance, humility, and a sense of justice. Ethical
tourists understand their influence and act accordingly, becoming quiet
ambassadors of peace and integrity wherever they go. Liberato, Cerqueira, & Liberato, 2021).
Ethical
awareness does not just guide behavior it also affects the choices travelers
make: what they buy, where they stay, and how they engage. Personal beliefs,
cultural background, and exposure to global issues all influence these choices.
That is why the ethics of individual travelers are closely tied to broader
challenges in the tourism industry, from sustainability to local equity.
Ultimately, ethical standards in tourism benefit everyone, from host
communities and businesses to the environment itself. By embracing these
values, travelers help shape a more sustainable, respectful, and meaningful
future for global tourism. (World Tourism Organization; 2019).
Tourism
can create a condition in which it is possible to attain peace between nations,
preserve and respect cultural identities; thus, it can be stated that it
functions within a particular spatial pattern, one of these spatial patterns is
international tourism. Different nations usually have various attractions such
as museums, monuments, theaters, sports stadiums, parks, shopping malls,
historic sites and important places or celebrities so they can attract many
tourists. Countries can invest in this industry to achieve significant
successes, such as sustainable employment, rising national income, and
international popularity. (Iskandarov & Mussabayev, 2025).
Ethical
tourism has gained increasing attention in recent years as travelers become
more conscious of their impact on destinations, local communities, and the
environment. Ethical standards among tourists encompass behaviors such as
respecting local cultures, minimizing environmental harm, supporting fair
trade, and avoiding exploitative activities (Fennell DA, Malloy DC 2022).
Ultimately,
ethical tourism is not just a trend but a necessity for long-term resilience.
It calls for collective responsibility, where travelers, industry leaders, and
policymakers prioritize people and the planet over short-term gains. By
committing to these principles, tourism can become a force for global good,
preserving cultural heritage, protecting biodiversity, and promoting justice
for future generations. Ethical tourism represents a transformative approach to
travel, where tourists, businesses, and host communities collaborate to foster
sustainability, equity, and cultural preservation. This paper highlights how
tourist demand shapes industry practices, with ethical consumption driving
businesses toward fair wages, eco-certification, and community-based tourism.
However, price-driven tourism risks exploitation, emphasizing the need for
conscious consumer choices. Ethical perception strongly influences tourist
behavior, as travelers increasingly avoid destinations associated with
environmental harm or social injustice, while rewarding transparent and
responsible businesses. Tehseen, Hossain, Ong, & Andrews, 2024).
Khodadadi,
(2025). Commented that Personal values, particularly among younger generations,
play a crucial role in travel decisions, though affordability and accessibility
remain barriers. Trust, built through ethical consistency, such as cultural
sensitivity, fair labor practices, and environmental stewardship, strengthens
relationships between tourists and host communities. Conversely, irresponsible
behavior damages these bonds, reinforcing the need for ethical education and
accountability. The shift toward regenerative tourism marks a critical
evolution, moving beyond sustainability to actively restore ecosystems and
empower local economies. By embracing ethical standards, tourists become
ambassadors of peace, fostering cross-cultural understanding and environmental
stewardship. However, true progress requires integrity; businesses must align
their practices with their stated values, ensuring fair wages, community
inclusion, and measurable sustainability efforts.
Tourism,
when approached with care and consciousness, can be a powerful tool for peace
building and ethical engagement. Every traveler has the potential to act as a
quiet ambassador, fostering understanding, empathy, and dialog between
cultures. This role goes beyond sightseeing; it is about creating meaningful
human connections that dissolve prejudice and promote harmony. Ethical
travelers do not just consume experiences, they participate in them with
mindfulness and integrity, ensuring that their presence brings positive value
to the places they visit. (Obolentseva, Tonkoshkur, & Sokolenko, 2025).
Akindoyin,
(2024), commented that being an ethical tourist involves several interconnected
responsibilities. Cultural respect is fundamental: this includes dressing
modestly where appropriate, honoring local traditions and social norms, and
steering clear of exploitative or staged cultural performances that
misrepresent communities. Environmental care is equally essential, and ethical
travelers make conscious efforts to minimize their footprint, such as reducing
plastic use, conserving water and energy, and choosing environmentally
responsible accommodations and tour operators. Economic fairness also plays a
crucial role, as tourists support the local economy by shopping at small,
locally owned businesses, choosing fair trade or handmade products, and avoiding
companies that exploit labor. Lastly, animal welfare cannot be overlooked.
Ethical travelers refuse to support attractions that involve animal suffering,
such as elephant ride, or marine parks with captive dolphins. Instead, they
seek out sanctuaries and wildlife experiences that are respectful, transparent,
and conservation-focused. (Cheer & Mostafanezhad, 2025).
Rosianna
S., Myrza R. & Husen H., (2025) opined that balancing economic growth with
social responsibility and environmental sustainability continues to be a
fundamental challenge for the global tourism industry. Ethical and strategic
practices in tourism management are essential for fostering experiences that
are both sustainable and humane. This systematic literature review analyzed 87
peer-reviewed studies published between 2013 and 2023. The review identifies
four central themes: ethical decision-making, stakeholder engagement, community
empowerment, and the integration of sustainability principles into operational
strategies. Findings reveal that tourism organizations implementing ethical
frameworks and strategic planning achieve improved environmental and social
outcomes, higher tourist satisfaction, and strengthened community well-being.
However, gaps remain regarding the measurement of human-centered outcomes and
the long-term impacts of ethical strategies. This study offers evidence-based
insights and a conceptual synthesis to support researchers, practitioners, and
policymakers in advancing responsible and humane tourism practices worldwide.
METHODOLOGY
This
study adopts a descriptive and exploratory approach, synthesizing existing
literature while analyzing real-world applications of ethical tourism
principles. Data analysis was through Content analysis. Identifying recurring
ethical principles in tourism literature and through comparative analysis,
examining how different cultural and economic
contexts influence ethical behavior among tourists. Ethical framework
development. Synthesizing findings into a cohesive model of tourist ethics,
integrating environmental, sociocultural, and economic dimensions. This study adopted a Systematic
Literature Review (SLR) approach to synthesize current knowledge on ethical and
strategic practices in tourism and their contributions to sustainable and
humane tourism.
The
review was designed and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting
Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2026) guidelines to
ensure methodological rigor, reliability, and transparency. The study clearly
describes the processes used to generate, collect, and record the data,
ensuring transparency, reliability, and methodological rigor. The review
process began with the identification of relevant academic sources from three
major databases: Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. These databases
were selected because of their comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed tourism
and sustainability literature. Studies were excluded if they focused solely on
marketing without ethical or strategic dimensions, were non-English publications,
or presented conceptual discussions without empirical evidence.
The
findings of this review indicate that ethical and strategic practices are
progressively acknowledged as fundamental pillars of sustainable tourism
management. Evidence across the reviewed studies shows that the integration of
ethical frameworks into strategic planning enables tourism organizations to
achieve enhanced outcomes, extending beyond economic performance to include
social and environmental dimensions. Ethical principles such as transparency,
fairness, and inclusiveness play a crucial role in strengthening stakeholder
trust, while strategic approaches simultaneously reinforce competitiveness and
organizational resilience in responding to global challenges.
The
findings of this study provide evidence that there is a connection between the
growth of tourism and the involvement of international politics. As an example
of geopolitical disruptions, terrorism, conflict, financial penalties, and
diplomatic difficulties are all instances of situations that have been
demonstrated in several studies to result in significant reductions in the
number of tourists that visit the area. However, the overall perspective does
not favor unidirectional exposure. Rather, the dynamics are complicated and
influenced by variables like as media coverage, political processes, regional
collaboration, and social resilience development. Because of this complexity,
tourism management and planning must adhere to both theoretical and practical
requirements.
This
dual emphasis reflects a paradigm shift in tourism studies, where ethics and
strategy are increasingly seen not as separate domains but as mutually
reinforcing drivers of sustainability. The novelty of this investigation lies
in its systematic synthesis, which articulates how ethical principles, when
embedded in strategic actions, can transform tourism into a force for inclusive
development. From a practical standpoint, the findings encourage stakeholders,
including policymakers, practitioners, and academics, to consider social
justice, cultural integrity, and human dignity alongside environmental and
economic performance. Implementing ethical labor practices, equitable
revenue-sharing, and culturally sensitive management are tangible strategies
that operationalize these principles.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Stakeholders
may establish more robust, inclusive, and progressive development paths if they
recognize tourism's significance in global political contexts. Formation of
effective mechanisms of state policy in the field of tourism. Creation of a
favorable investment climate in the tourist sector. Development of international transport
corridors on highways in tourist regions. Introduction of a national program of
inventory of material resources of the tourism industry and development of
their gradual modernization; giving priority to cultural development;
Rural
tourism, which takes into account the cultural and natural potential in the
globe. Development of social tourism, a system of affordable tourist services
for socially vulnerable groups of people and youth; introduction of ethical standards
for the provision of tourist and hotel services, training of the industry and
its legislative support;
Providing advertising and information
activities to create a positive image as a tourist center. Strengthening
economic integration in the tourism sector in the form of cluster planning and
international tourist free zones; The
necessity of adopting deep convergence policies by facilitating and eliminating
border controls, adopting the principle of mutual recognition in relation to
the standards of products and services of tourism and deregulation of
international transportation rules; Correction of business policies between
countries through the international agreements; strengthening the quality
management of tourism services at the National Chamber of Commerce for the
supervision of tourism enterprises;
Holding
local events (tourism exhibitions, touristic villages, geo parks, technology
parks, museums and gardens in the susceptible sites of the countries), as well
as national and international events (national and international conferences)
provide a good opportunity for the precise and principled introduction of the
country's tourism capabilities to the political representatives of the other
countries.
Accordingly,
foreign ministers can invite ambassadors and other countries' diplomats to
deepen the diplomacy and international tourism relations. Foreign ministers can continue to cooperate
with international organizations such as the World Tourism Organization,
similar organizations and institutions, as well as NGOs that handle the easy
and unhindered flow of tourism from one country to another.
CONCLUSION
The
tourism industry in all of its dimensions depends on the policy of governments.
This industry plays a very important role in the political development and the
expansion of peace, as well as the economic growth and development. Considering
that the development of tourism is directly under the political decisions of
governments, the development of tourism diplomacy and its implementation can
lead to the arrival of tourists, employment and economic prosperity, as a
result of increased national income, and ultimately the establishment of a
stable and guaranteed peace. On the other hand, the combination of linear and
transversal factors has led governments to view the tourism phenomenon as effective.
This study underscores that tourism must be understood as a socio-ethical
practice, balancing economic growth with human dignity, cultural integrity, and
ecological responsibility.
The
convergence of ethical imperatives and strategic practices provides a critical
pathway toward sustainable and humane tourism. Ethical principles such as
inclusiveness, fairness, transparency, and accountability serve as practical
foundations for building trust, resilience, and long-term competitiveness.
Strategic innovations guided by ethical considerations, including culturally
sensitive management, equitable benefit sharing, and participatory governance,
can address contemporary challenges such as over tourism, labor exploitation,
and inequitable benefit distribution. Integrating ethics into strategic
planning is therefore not only normatively desirable but operationally
necessary to secure long-term sustainability.
The
study’s integrative framework situates ethics at the core of tourism
strategies, offering a comprehensive paradigm for rethinking governance,
operational practices, and policymaking in line with global sustainability
agendas. By foregrounding human-centered approaches alongside strategic and
environmental considerations. Tourism can evolve into a transformative sector
that fosters social equity, preserves cultural heritage, and strengthens
destination resilience.
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